Conrads Heart Of Darknesss :: essays research papers

Quinn on Heart of Darkness We cannot read Quinn’s Ishmael without re-evaluating ourselves. Quinn confronts us with powerful revelations about mankind. According to Quinn, if we continue to live in our taker lifestyles, we will eventually destroy ourselves. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness illustrates a real life manifestation of Quinn’s insights. Written nearly a century ago, Conrad’s tale of early English imperialistic taker lifestyle still resembles present day taker lifestyle. We still try to rule other lands and people. We still have the attitude that everything centers on man. We still exhaust Earth’s resources and kill its creations. Above all, we still do all this with ignorance. With Ishmael as a guide, we can better understand how Conrad’s more intricate story critiques taker lifestyle. Laying out the major issues in Ishmael will reveal insight to the imagery and symbolism in Heart of Darkness. Quinn states that man believes that the leaver community to be â€Å"a place of lawless chaos and savage, relentless competition, where every creature goes in terror of its life† (Quinn 117). Not until takers conquer these places of â€Å"lawless chaos† can these lands be â€Å"paradise for man† (222). Until then, these lands and its inhabitants are wrenched and in the wrong. Conrad establishes this mentality at the beginning of Heart of Darkness. We are instantly aware of the imagery of dark and light. Traditionally, dark represents evil and light represents good. Conrad begins with associating savagery with darkness and civilization with light. Conrad’s protagonist, Marlow, explains his version of the origin of England. He asserts to his shipmates, â€Å"[W]hen the Romans first came here, nineteen hundred years ago†¦ Light came out of this river [Thames] since†¦. But darkness was here yesterday† (Conrad 3). Takers demand that everyone an d everything must be civilized. To takers, â€Å"civilize† means living by their beliefs and their lifestyle. Like gods, takers believe â€Å"they know what is right and what is wrong to do, and what they’re doing is right† (Quinn 167). Everything and everyone is to live the taker lifestyle because that lifestyle is the right way to live. Oddly enough, the taker culture actually performs the exact opposite results from what it attempts to accomplish. As Ishmael preaches, â€Å"everything was in good order. It was the Takers who introduced disorder into the world† (146). When man thought he was not exempt from the laws of nature, he and everything was fine.

Ozzy Osbourne

Ozzy Osbourne is one of the most contradictive persons in the history of contemporary rock music. On the one hand, he is a famous singer being famous for his unique image, clothing and lifestyle and his music is surely beloved by thousands of fans, whereas, on the other hand he has had serious problems with drug and alcohol addictions. Nevertheless, his struggle for survival has to be praised and respected.  It is apparent that literature search revealed over 100 articles and books on the history of rock music and Osbourne’s career. Over half of these were prescriptive and written by practitioners, consultants and journalists.Adams, Deanna R.   Rock ‘n' Roll and the Cleveland Connection. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2002.This book is not intended to be a definitive history of rock music, documenting every fact or thoroughly analyzing every decade. Rather, it is about those people and events responsible for making this the â€Å"Rock ‘n' Roll Capital of the World.† The book presents rather extraordinary and interesting viewpoint concerning Ozzy Osbourne and his musical career.Appleyard, Bryan. â€Å"Blizzard of Oz†, The Sunday Times Magazine, November 27, 2005.The article suggests that Ozzy Osbourne is surely one of the most interesting and at the same time shocking singer due to his unique image, clothing and lifestyle. He is known to shock publicity with extraordinary appearance, hair cuts and colors mixture. Nevertheless, author states that practically every star has his own â€Å"blizzards†. Concerning Osbourne it is his drug and alcohol addictions, though he has managed to cope with disease having proven that he is able to struggle for life and popularity. He underwent treatments for alcohol and drug abuse.   And now he is famous for both musical and TV careers.Davidson, Sandra (ed.) & Winfield, Betty Houchin (ed.). Bleep! Censoring Rock and Rap Music. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999.The book is ab out societal attempts to control rock and rap music in a democracy. This book explains how governmental statutes, agency regulations, business controls and parents have tried to censor the music and when they have succeeded or why not. The book also focuses on the dilemma of a people who ideally believe in free expression as part of a democracy. It is apparent that attempts to censor Osbourne are also involved in the book.Dodd, P. The Book of Rock. London: Pavilion, 2001.The book is about the individual artists and groups associated with Rock music involving Ozzy Osbourne and his contradictive career and person. It is seen that the book is of great importance for current research, because it provides thorough examination and analysis of rock music history. The book is meant for a wide circle of readers who are fond of rock and Ozzy Osbourne.Exclusive: Ozzy Osbourne on Everything. Sunday Mirror, 2005, April 3: 16.The article presents interview with a famous singer about his private l ife and musical career. Ozzy believes his lavish family home in the English countryside is cursed. It is stated that in spite his millions and his transatlantic lifestyle, Ozzy is astonished at the cost of living in Britain – and feels that the working man is being priced out of the country.Goldberg, Jonah. Ozzy without Harriet: What the Osbournes Tells Us about Drugs. National Review, 54, 11 (2002, June 17): 23-24.The Osbournes, the reality-TV show about the 53-year-old former lead singer of the metal band Black Sabbath and his dysfunctional family, is an unprecedented hit. It receives the highest ratings in MTV's history. The article provides details of the show stating that is one of the most popular as it present daily life of a singer.Gosset, Pol & Leyser, Brady J.   Rock Stars/Pop Stars: A Comprehensive Bibliography, 1955-1994. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.This bibliography is a listing of over 3,600 books about the individual artists and groups associated with Rock/Pop music involving Ozzy Osbourne. It is seen that the book is of great importance for current research, because it aims at providing the most accurate and comprehensive bibliography available on Rock/Pop stars.The article says that Wildman rocker was invited to the White House due to the success launch of reality show â€Å"The Osbournes†. According to statistic provided in the article show has more that three million viewers. Family values and problems are incorporated in research. The article touches Osbourne’s problems with drugs and alcohol stating that he has had also problems with crashing hotel rooms and cars.Ozzy Rules: in a Rock World Dominated by Bad Boys, Ozzy Osbourne Stood out. The Daily Mail, 2005, November 19: 16.Newspaper article provides information about Osbourne’s problems with drug and alcohol considering that now he has been cured. The author suggests that Osbourne is really amazed by his new image as a family man. Osbournes has becom e one of Britain's, and America's most famous families. They are laughed at because of their crazy antics, thoih held in affection because of their obvious love for each other.The Ozzy Osbourne of Wolverhampton. The Birmingham Post, 2006, July 19: 5.Actually the article argues about Osbourne’s popularity and states that many fans are willing to behave and look like their music ideal. For example, A parrot-killer who decapitated his beloved pet in a drunken rage has been jailed for five-and-a-half months after a magistrate branded him â€Å"the Ozzy Osbourne of Wolverhampton†.ReferencesAdams, Deanna R.   Rock ‘n' Roll and the Cleveland Connection. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2002.Appleyard, Bryan. â€Å"Blizzard of Oz†, The Sunday Times Magazine, November 27, 2005.Davidson, Sandra (ed.) & Winfield, Betty Houchin (ed.). Bleep! Censoring Rock and Rap Music. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999.Dodd, P. The Book of Rock. London: Pavilion, 2001.Excl usive: Ozzy Osbourne on Everything. Sunday Mirror, 2005, April 3: 16.Goldberg, Jonah. Ozzy without Harriet: What the Osbournes Tells Us about Drugs. National Review, 54, 11 (2002, June 17): 23-24.Gosset, Pol & Leyser, Brady J.   Rock Stars/Pop Stars: A Comprehensive Bibliography, 1955-1994. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.Ozzy Osbourne â€Å"Invited to White House†, 2002, April 4. Avaiable at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/1911033.stmOzzy Rules: in a Rock World Dominated by Bad Boys, Ozzy Osbourne Stood out. The Daily Mail, 2005, November 19: 16.The Ozzy Osbourne of Wolverhampton. The Birmingham Post, 2006, July 19: 5.

Anabolic Drug Use Among Athletes - 1668 Words

Athletes that use this drug typically take it with testosterone to help side effects such as a loss of sex drive, depression, and moodiness. The Sixth steroid is called Oxymetholone, also known as Anadrol. This drug comes in a tablet form. Anadrol improves red blood cell production and increases the amount of hemoglobin that helps to treat anemia. Although the FDA approves Anadrol, this drug still has serious side effects. These include breast cancer in males and females and reabsorption of the bone. The seventh steroid is called Oxandrolone, otherwise known as Anavar. This drug is used mainly in bodybuilders because of its strong anabolic affect. How serious of a problem is drug use among Athletes? Quoting Thomas Sowell â€Å"Steroids are dangerous and sometimes fatel. Yet, if some players use them, others will feel the pressure to use them as well, in order to compete.†(Parks 28) If an athlete feels the need to use drugs to be better at a sport, then what has this world come to? I believe the one and only way to get better at a sport is to train and practice. Athletes are harming and damaging their bodies so that they can shine in their sport. It is a serious problem now a days because it has become natural for some athletes to just inject themselves or get a pill and they think their just going to become a superstar, and the worst part is they actually do become better and people think its natural. â€Å"According to a study published in 2008, among students in grades 8 to 12 whoShow MoreRelatedAnabolic Steroid Use in Sports Summary1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnabolic Steroid use in Sports The competitive drive to win at all cost is fierce among athletes. Winning at all cost often includes using one of many performance enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids. Many athletes use performance enhancing drugs, like steroids, to achieve higher goals and set higher records than other drug-free successful athletes. Although athletes are performing at higher levels when using such drugs, what is the cost? Finally anabolic steroids should remain bannedRead MoreAnabolic Steroids : Use And Performance Enhancing Drugs1516 Words   |  7 Pages The Debate over Anabolic Steroids The use of performance enhancing drugs like anabolic steroids has been a debatable topic in the United States as early as the 1950’s. Former U. S. Representative Howard Berman expresses that â€Å"Steroids can seem necessary to compete at the highest level, and the quick rewards may seem to outweigh the long term consequences to users.† The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) states that countless athletes, both young and old, face life threatening illnesses dueRead MoreAthletes Use Drugs For A Variety Of Reasons1194 Words   |  5 PagesAthletes use drugs for a variety of reasons, such as coping with stress or to enhance their quality of performance, and the effects of using performance enhancing drugs can have long term effects on an individual’s life. A commonly used drug in athletes goes by the name of anabolic steroids. The best way to help clarify your understanding of the importance of anabolic steroids is to define these steroids as a synthetic way to acquire the male sex hormone testosterone. The proper name for these steroidsRead More Steroids and Sports Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pages(WebMD medical news). Anabolic performance dates as far back as the original Olympic Games. Today walking into any gym you will find some one who is using steroids or some kind of enhancement supplement. Anabolic steroids are so popular with athletes from high School level all the way up to the top. For the past fifty years, athletes around the world use steroids to gain muscle mass, and along with regular work-outs try to achieve the results they desire. Kids today using these drugs are getting youngerRead More The Use of Steroids and Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports1507 Words   |  7 Pagessubstances that are used today in sports. In this paper I hope to focus on the steroids and performance enhancing drugs and how they have become a problem in sports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An anabolic steroid is a substance that is related to male sex hormones, known as testosterone. The word â€Å"Anabolic† means muscle building. The word â€Å"steroids† is just referred to as a drug name or a class of drug. Some athletes have made the decision that they would like to jump higher, run faster, throw harder and hit 100 home runsRead MoreAnabolic Steroid Use And Anabolic Steroids1335 Words   |  6 Pages Why do athletes get so hooked on this so called â€Å"Steroid† ? I’m interested in this question, because that’s the question that truly caught my attention the most and, also keeps me wondering. If people who use it have seen improvement, why do they keep using it. The anabolic steroid also known as the anabolic-androgenic steroid is a drug that athletes use to give more muscle mass to the body and create more testosterone in the body. If traced back to the 1940’s steroids first appeared in GermanyRead MoreSteroids and Sports Don’t Mix Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesplayers to use performance-enhancing drugs. The 1956 Olympic Games where plagued with athletes using performance-enhancing drugs, so countries began to speak out against the harm that drugs were causing to the athletes and the sport (6 Anonymous). Long-term use of performance-enhancing drugs will destroy athletes bodies. Doping is the use of illegal substances that is harmful to athletes health and is capable of enhancing performance. Doping also refers to the presence of drugs in the athletesRead MoreAnabolic Steroids: and the High School Athlete1528 Words   |  7 PagesAnabolic Steroids: And the High School Athlete Anabolic steroid abuse has become a national concern among high school athletes. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of athletes using these performance enhancing drugs in high school almost double the number using since the 1980s. These athletes feel that steroids gives them the competitive edge that they think they need to boost themselves past the competition. Steroids have been used in bodybuilding and other sports since the 1950sRead More Anabolic Steroids and the High School Athlete Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesAnabolic Steroids and the High School Athlete Anabolic steroid abuse has become a national concern among high school athletes. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of athletes using these performance enhancing drugs in high school almost double the number using since the 1980s. These athletes feel that steroids gives them the competitive edge that they think they need to boost themselves past the competition. Steroids have been used in bodybuilding and other sports since theRead MoreThe Use Of Anabolic Steroids And How Athletes Are Cheating1482 Words   |  6 PagesThe athletic sports world has drastically evolved since the beginning of the creation of sports. Athletes are becoming bigger, faster and stronger. The competitive edge has started to increase and guys are looking for ways to enhance their performances. Many turn to repetitive practices and healthier diets, while some turn to protein powder. No matter the method the average athlete is trying their best to propel his or her efforts past previous marks. Most stick to natural remedies, but there are

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Rhetorical Analysis of Swami Vivekananda’s Speech - 788 Words

Columbian Exhibition of 1893 in Chicago was the first attempt of global religious leaders to unlock and disclose the truth about all beliefs across the globe and first effort to reinforce the humans’ attitude to the values of each religion in particular. One Indian monk, without a coin in his pockets, intentionally left his motherland and visited American assembly in order to participate in the parliamentary meeting. It was Swami Vivekananda who made an outstanding and impressive speech on behalf of entire Hinduism. He called for humanism and tolerance, and his magnificent sentences sounded like the blessing magic spell for numerous listeners. The perfect proficiency in English, deeply sounded voice, respectful behavior that was full of†¦show more content†¦He uses â€Å"I thank you† (1) when he speaks on behalf of his entire religion and its representatives; he uses â€Å"I thank you† (1) when he narrates in the name of all Hindu people across the world ; he uses â€Å"I thank you† (1) when he expresses his appreciation to every speaker and attendant in Parliament. The rhetorical technique of pronouns, actually, has always strengthened the speeches of wise men. In such manner, Swami Vivekananda classified himself as the carrier and ‘voice’ of whole Hindu people and Hinduism. He says â€Å"I† and means â€Å"we – Hindu people and our religion†. It is not an egoistic context, because these pronouns imply the great respect to whole humanity in the world, not only to own nation. Such fraternal appeal with usage of suitable pronouns touched the spirits of all listeners, because it is always enjoyable to hear respect to whole planet from the mouth of one man. A great rhetorical combination of parallelism and metaphor we can see in this sentence: â€Å"I thank you in the name of the mother of religions† (1). It is very kind and diligent comparison of human ideology with a Mother – a saint and eternal entity that gives a birth to everything. It was impressive approach to mention a Mother as the starting point of all religious movements in the world, because people in Parliament had to understand that Vivekananda deeply respect his religious

Andy Warhol Biography Essay Example For Students

Andy Warhol: Biography Essay In the sass he was known as a very successful commercial artist and won overall awards from the Art Directors Club and the American Institute Of Graphic Arts. It was around this time he shortened his last name to Warhol. In 1952 he had his first art show at Hugo Gallery and had his first group show at The Museum of Modern Art in 1956 (Andy Warhol: Biography). In the sass, Warhol began producing some of his most recognizable and famous paintings. He began painting Campbell soup cans and Coca-Cola bottles. Later on he began using the silkscreen method to mass produce his work. A lot of his work was based on pop culture and what America thought was important at the time. A few other of his most famous pieces are his portraits to Marilyn Monroe, Liz Menial, Judy Garland, Elizabeth Taylor, Elvis Presley, and James Dean. He also painted money, womens shoes, groceries, and newspaper clippings, All of his work was done in his studio called The Factory located on Union Square in New York. He hired many workers to assist him with his prints, films, and books. These art workers were his friends who often appeared in his films and helped write his books. These men and women ever referred to as Factory workers When Warhol was scheduled to lecture at a university, he would send one his friends dressed as him to instead if he did not van to go himself. The imposter Warhol would quietly sit on stage while other V-actors workers talked about Whorls work and advised the students to drop out of college. Eventually the schools caught on and Warhol had to refund them (Andy Warhol). In his free time, Warhol enjoyed going to popular night clubs in New York such as Serendipity and Studio 54. He was described as being shy, quiet, and an observer. Warhol was openly gay which was rare at the time for a celebrity. He had many photographs and drawings of nude men; along with films he did titled My Hustler, Blow Job, and Lonesome Cowboys. These were popular in the underground gay community. Many of his drawings and photographs were rejected from galleries for being too openly gay and his films usually premiered at gay porn theaters, Warhol also liked to collect things. He saved every piece of fan mail, magazines related to him, personal notes, gay pornography, and other artifacts. He organized them and saved them in boxes he called his time appeases and never opened them again. These time capsules can be found today at his museum on Pittsburgh, Warhol was also obsessed with cats, and they can be found in much of his art work (Andy Warhol). On June 3rd, 1968, Whorls life almost came to an end. A Factory regular named Valerie Salinas, went to Whorls studio and shot him. The bullet passed through his left lung, spleen, stomach, liver, esophagi, and right lung. When he arrived to the hospital, the doctor pronounced him dead, but was almost immediately resuscitated. He went on to joke that he was invulnerable. In 1996, the story of his shooting was turned into a movie titled Shot Andy Warhol (Andy After his near assassination, Whorls work changed. He began focusing more on his paintings again and less on his films and books. He began doing portraits of the rich influential people of the asss such as Michael Jackson and Miscarriage. He also published a magazine titled Interview along with his own night club. In 1974 he moved The Factory from Union Square to 860 Broadway. Afterwards he wrote the book The Philosophy of Andy Warhol in 1975 (Andy Warhol Biography). In the sass, Warhol created two television shows, One was called Andy Whorls TV in 1982. In 1986 he did the show Andy Whorls Fifteen Minutes for MAT. Lorenz and Bicorn. Comparison Between Two Paintings EssayThis print almost looks like it came from a textbook. Front and Back of Dollar bills 4 experiments with the use of silk screen and mass production. This painting is quite striking because when you think about it money might just be the most mass-produced object in the world. Andy also had a tendency to paint unordinary things like his cow 5 painting. He stayed within his style of color but the cow is neither a famous portrait nor a mass-produced object. After the tragic suicide of Marilyn Monroe in 1962 Andy became somewhat obsessed with her beauty. Bekris, 113 He would use pictures of her lips and produce them hundreds of times using bright sexy colors. He always focused on her most sexual features such as he hair, eyes, and lips. Marilyn Monroe Lips 1962 6 and Marilyn. Andy had another artistic style to him, it was one that came from his childhood. Being raised in poverty and being exposed to such horrific sights contributed to his next Movement of work. Andy was curious in the acts of God whether it is from Mother Nature to killings or atomic bombs. Andy would make reproductions of all these incidents. It wasnt until Henry Geldchler shoed Andy a more productive direction. In June of 1962 Geldchler suggested that Andy start looking at the dark side of American culture in a more artistic way. Bekris 126 Andy new he had to come up with a new idea that would shock his audience as much as the soup cans and dollar bills had. Andy began doing paintings such as car crash 1963 7 and electric chair 8. These images were extremely powerful. You were not just looking at an image in the newsprint you were looking at an image that was twice as large as you were and repeated ten times. Also he always chose a color to tint these images in. The color gives a mysterious side to it, which makes you want to know the rest of the story. The Death-and-disaster series became recognized as some of his best works, but at the same time many of his supporters found the images unacceptable. None of his supporters wanted to hang a picture of a man mangled in his car over their fireplace. The prints did do extremely well but only over seas in Europe and Germany. Some other famous prints are, Sixteen Jacques 1964 Lavender Disaster 19639 and Sucide1963 10. Oxidation Painting 1978 11 is in the death-and-disaster series but has a different twist to it. It is two large sheets of copper that had been treated with patina. While wet they were urinated on showing the given effect. Along with his artistic style his physical appearance began to change. He began wearing a silver blond wig that fit on his head haphazardly. Bekris, 99 He even went as far as to change his speech and mannerisms. For the next several years Andy continued with his death and disaster series. He was now a world-renowned artist and had private shows throughout the world. In 1986, Andy flew to Milan for the opening of his last show. During the last two days in Milan Andy did not leave the hotel. He was in much pain recalled Daniel Morear. He was in bed which was quite unusual for Andy to be in bed let alone for two days. At the end of 1986 his gallstones had become so enlarged that they had become life threatening. Andy refused to go to a hospital because of his great fear of them. In the first week of February his illness stopped him dead in his tracks. For the first time in his life Andy abandoned his friends in the middle of a night out on the town to go home and spend the evening in his bed. A sonogram taken by Dr. Cox showed the gallbladder to be severely infected, inflamed, and filled with fluid. The next day Andy was scheduled to be admitted into New York Hospital. The operation was supposed to take place on Saturday and have Andy home by late Sunday. Saturday morning Andy locked all his valuables in his safe and headed to the hospital. He had also made it very clear that no one, not even his mother should know he was going to the hospital. When he was admitted they put him under the name of Bob Roberts. A report from the New York Times Magazine by M. A Farba and Lawrence Altman stated: After fifteen hours of preparation, Warhols surgery was preformed between 8:45 am and 12:10 p. m. on Saturday February 21, 1987. There were no complications at the time and none were found during the autopsy or by any of the doctors who had received the case. Warhol spent three hours in recovery after the surgery, and at 3:45pm was taken to his private room on the twelfth floor of Baker Pavilion. For comfort precaution and on the recommendation of Dr. Cox, his regular physician, Warhol was placed in the hands of a private duty nurse, rather than the normal complement of staff nurses. He was examined during the afternoon and early evening by the senior attending physicians, who noted nothing unusual. Alert and seemingly in good spirits, Warhol watched television and around 9:30 p. m. spoke to the house keeper at his east side home, a few blocks away. Min Chou was the private nurse attending to Andy. It was not known whether she kept her post but it was clear that she did not record his vital signs and neglected to give him medicine. At 10pm and at 4am on Sunday February 22, Min Chou, the private nurse who had been selected by the hospital from a registry, took Andys blood pressure and found it stable. She gave a progress report to the chief surgical resident by telephone at 11pm; presumably while the patient slept. At 5:45am Ms. Chou noticed that Warhol had turned blue and his pulse had weakened. Unable to waken him she summoned the floor nurse who in the words of a colleague, almost had a stroke A cardiac arrest team began resuscitation efforts but according to hospital sources, had difficulty putting a tube in Warhols windpipe because rigor mortis had started to set in. At 6:31am the artist was pronounced dead. The art world suffered a great lose with the death of Andy Warhol. His personal style will always move forward touching and changing peoples lives every day. Andy was a one of a kind and will never be recreated. To understand his art is a feeling many people over look. It is an every day reminder that we dont take the time to look at what goes on around us. Now when I walk I wont just look down but all around me. At the trees, clouds, bricks under my feet, and the entire world moving around me.

Inventory management free essay sample

L. L. Bean uses several different calculations in order to determine the number of units of a particular item it should stock, whether it is a new item or a never out item. It first freezes a forecast for its demand for the upcoming season. This figure is a result of a consensus between the product people, buyers and inventory managers. Once the predicted demand is frozen, L. L. Bean uses its historical demand and forecast data to analyze the forecasting errors. The forecast errors are calculated for each individual item and a frequency distribution of these is made, which is further used as a probability distribution for future errors. Thus, if 50% of the errors were within 0. 7 and 1. 6, the forecast for this year would be adjusted accordingly. Next, each item commitment quantity was tabulated using its individual contribution margin and salvage value if any. For e. g. if an item had a margin of $15 if sold, and $5 loss if not sold, the commitment value would be 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Inventory management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 75. Hence the optimal stock to keep would be 0. 75 fractile of the probability distribution of demand. If for instance, the corresponding error for 0. 75 is 1. 3, the optimal stock to keep for that item would be 1. 3 * frozen forecast. Hence, this value is the stock for that item. Q. 2 We explain different scenarios to determine relevant costs and revenues. The first scenario is where the stock kept of a particular item is sold. In this case, all the costs related to buying and selling that product would be included. The selling price of the product, the cost of buying from the vendor, the carrying cost of that particular stock item, and the cost of marketing that item in the catalogue are the relevant costs to be included. In the second scenario, excessive stock is kept and at the end of the season, it is still not sold. In this case, the relevant costs are the cost of buying the stock from vendor, its storage and marketing cost in the catalogue, and the salvage cost ( if any) of that particular item. In case there is no salvage cost for an item, its redundancy cost becomes relevant. The final case is where the stock for a particular item is not kept, but demand for that item is there, resulting in a stock out. Since L. L. Bean is a direct ordering company, the cost of a stock out is very high for it in terms of lost goodwill. Hence, the cost of goodwill lost becomes relevant in this scenario as well. Q. 3 Scott Sklar should have data on actual and forecasted demand of the item that were previously introduced as  µnew item ¶. It will give him an idea about various costs that go on in launching a  µnew ¶ item. He should have information on selling price which will be determined after consulting with the marketing, sales and production department of L. L Beans. It will be useful for both the company and Scott. Information on cost of sales, commissions provided (if any) for sales, stock outs and backorders cost are relevant in his decision making. He can get sales information on a new catalogue item by comparing it with that of Bean ¶s competitors ¶ similar item and by consulting with the marketing department. It will help him understand the current market trends for that particular item. After analyzing the market, he can observe what level of buffer stock he should have to avoid stock outs. For this, he will have to compare stock out costs and over-stocking costs for that item. To acquire this information, he needs to sit down with his buyers, sales and inventory personnel. Moreover, he should also know what promotion cost each  µnew ¶ item will incur in getting printed in one catalogue. How much space will it require to be noticed as a new item in a particular category? In other words, he should gather information on the promotion costs of the new item. He should also find the service level based off a profit margin calculation. These bases will help him forecast demand for the new item. He should also observe what happens to the demand of existing products whenever new products are introduced in the market. If the new product is pulling customers away from the existing products then this factor should be incorporated in the demand forecast of the new catalogue item. Q4. One thing that Fasold need to realize is that we lose more when we have stock outs then when we liquidate our inventory. He can take a simple example that for example selling one item gives you 15rs worth of profit, and the liquidation cost for that item is 5rs. So if you have inventory then you can earn 15rs as compared to the cost of stock out which is pretty less. So a proper cost benefit analysis could be done for Fasold. But here a proper cost benefit analysis should be made to give a true picture that also has the cost on inventory storing and not just the loss because of liquidation. Also he should be explained that forecasts are never accurate. Also this over stocking is more for the ? new items? , so L. L Bean should introduce them in the catalogues to get a fait bit of idea before actually introducing them. We can also tell him that because of the large lead time of eight to twelve week we have to keep access inventories as well because if we receive an unexpected order the time to fulfill that order would be very long. But we also need to realize that improvement is needed and Faslod concerns are genuine in the sense that he should know that why is he keeping so much inventory. Also he should be told that we are improving the whole forecasting process to better predict demand so we have less buffer stock, but still as the cost of out-stocking is more the over stocking, we would be applying a more prudent approach. Q5. There could be numerous improvements that L. L Bean can incorporate in its process. As we read in earlier cases as well that the fashion industry is a fast changing industry and product demands change very rapidly. So only using the past data to predict future is not enough. They should be continuously be updating their forecasts based on latest data as well. Secondly in is mentioned in the case that ? customer behavior is very hard to predict? , so what it can do is that it may involve experts in the whole process, with experts and the data combined they would be better able to forecast. So a Delphi method is more appropriate here. Another important thing to note is that the new catalogue is introduced in August, which gives the customers little time to place a second order. L. L bean should try to introduce catalogues earlier so that the demand could be more easily assessed and a second commitment could be made. Also with the catalogues we can send questionaries ¶ that could be optional and in this way we can gain better insights inside the consumer behavior and thus predict demand in a better way. This should especially be done for ? never outs? and sent to regular customers and once we know how customers rank the new products in comparison to the new products we can adjust our plans. But a long term plan should be to reduce dependence on foreign vendors and have more local vendors who can supply quickly. Also we can convince suppliers to keep stocks of raw materials that are same for all like zips, buttons shoe laces etc. In this way the response will be faster and L. L bean can plan a second order too based on the new forecast. So the whole supply chain process needs to be improved along with forecasting accuracy improvements.