12 Angry Men Sociological Analysis

â€Å"12 Angry Men† focuses on a jury’s deliberations in a capital murder case. A 12-man jury is sent to begin deliberations in the first-degree murder trial of an 18-year-old Latino accused in the stabbing death of his father, where a guilty verdict means automatic death sentence.The case appears to be open-and-shut: The defendant has a weak alibi; a knife he claimed to have lost is found at the murder scene; and several witnesses either heard screaming, saw the killing or the boy fleeing the scene. Eleven of the jurors immediately vote guilty; only Juror No.8 (Mr. Davis) casts a not guilty vote.At first Mr. Davis’ bases his vote more so for the sake of discussion after all, the jurors must believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty. As the deliberations unfold, the story quickly becomes a study of the jurors’ complex personalities (ranging from wise, bright and empathetic to arrogant, prejudiced and merciless), preconceptions, backgro unds and interactions.That provides the backdrop to Mr. Davis’ attempts in convincing the other jurors that a â€Å"not guilty† verdict might be appropriate. A huge feel of the film is gotten through the time period it took place in.People’s views on race were made very publicly within the jury. Many of them seemed to have personal vendettas against different races. They deemed the boy’s Hispanic race to be slum and nothing more than that. A universal problem that is shown in several ways throughout the film is personal prejudice getting in the way of judgment.Juror number ten’s reason for saying the accused boy was guilty was because he felt people from slums should not be trusted and that they kill one and another for fun. His prejudice lead him to discriminate against the boy initially by voting guilty earlier in the film, before being convinced in voting not guilty.This was during the civil rights era and all of that. We all know blacks werenâ €™t treated equally and this makes it apparent that it wasn’t easy for any minority within the US. They’d rather lock them up and throw away the key than give them a fair trial. Tensions run high the second the jury went into the private room to deliberate.It was a very hot day outside and the fan wasn’t working nor would the windows open. No man wanted to  spend more time than what they thought would be efficient to determine the verdict. Some even spoke about their plans for right after, thinking it would be a sure bet they’d be out of there soon with the whole night ahead of them.They were wrong. From then on the film turned into an example straight out of a sociology textbook. Everyone didn’t deviate from the norm of the group†¦ All except one, Juror #8. The rest of the jury was outraged and deemed him a radical. They could not believe two things.One, that he voted not guilty, and second, that he went against the group norm. He tried not one bit to conform. Rather, he stood up in grand fashion and presented his doubts to his fellow jurors. Slowly but surely his grand scheme was working. He did not know for sure whether he was guilty or not guilty, but he had a reasonable doubt and that’s all about what the justice system stands for.It’s so interesting when you bring a group of 12 random people into a setting like a jury and see what you come up with. All of these men, from different walks of life , they all brought something special to the table that was vital to their key decision. The sociological theory that tone of this film could easily fall under is the conflict perspective.At the very beginning, viewers can clearly see the tension is between the jurors whom most have a personal prejudice against the boy for certain reason. Some jurors simply expected that a boy from the slums would commit an act like that they were stereotyping that all people who come from slums are criminals.Even if a per son is not personally prejudiced against and individual or group, stereotypes can have them make discriminatory actions such as vote guilty. The reason most of the jurors stereotyped the actions of the accused boys is because of socialization.The way of transmission was most likely through media; crimes shown by television new or new papers are frequently from neighborhood of low economics standing. Deviance a topic I touched on earlier, is another sociological aspect that can be examined in this film. Deviance is a very relative term where depending on the group and situation, it varies.Juror 8 was the only that felt from the beginning the boy was not guilty. When the first vote most of the other jurors by the fact he could think the boy was innocent and even were upset at him for thinking that. As the film progressed the jurors began changing their votes, eventually the roles were reversed; juror number 3 appear to be the one committing the deviant act since it is revealed his own reason for voting  guilty is because of issues with his own son.One of the most important things I learned in observing the sociological aspects of this film is how easy norms can change. The norms of eleven out of the twelve men voted guilty, changed entirely to guilty as the film came to a chose.

Draft for Statement of Purpose

I would like to begin by discussing the core values and ethical principles of Social Work. I came across the core values, according to the National Association of Social Work (NASW), associated with the social work profession, and I discovered the basic values which were listed were also ethical and moral values that I personally would consider as among the most important to consider as a social worker. The NASW listed six core values which included service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, integrity, and competence. I would like to discuss each in further detail beginning with service.The type of service provided by the social worker is highly important and can make a huge impact as to whether there will be a successful outcome or not. The goal in the service provided by a social worker is to do all that is possible to help the individual(s) who are in need and to concentrate on the social problems that exist. It is important to go above and beyond, putting others in front of yourself, and provide the best service. In order to help those in need, a social worker must use their expertise, veneration, and experience as well as focus on the social problems at hand.In fact, social workers are encouraged to volunteer their knowledge and expertise at times provides services with absolutely no intention of receiving anything in return. I personally feel that although there may not be any financial compensation, just the fact that you could apply your skills and knowledge to help an individual, or individuals, is an even greater reward. Another core value is social justice, which refers to the idea of helping people realize that there are ways to improve certain types of living situations. The responsibility as a social worker is to always oppose and develop ways to change social injustice.Examples of different forms of social injustice include situations such as poverty, unemployment, discrimination, etc. As a social worker, attempts to assist individ uals, families, or groups who are particularly vulnerable such forms of social injustice, providing them with the resources and information available as to what options they may have to change their situation, while allowing them to see that, no matter what cultural or ethnic diversity, you are nonjudgmental, knowledgeable, understanding, and sensitive to their situation and will be there to help every step of the way.These are the actions of a truly sincere social worker as they all should be. The dignity and worth of the person is another core value which is also extremely important being a social worker. It is essential as a social worker to always have respect for the innate virtues, significance and self-worth of every person, treating each and every individual equally. However, it is a social workers job to take into account and be familiar with the cultural and ethnic diversity of a particular individual(s) in order to provide the best plan of care.As a social worker, it is i mportant to allow the clients’ to assess their social situation and their aptitude to promote change while assisting them by devising a plan which is significant to the clients’ individual needs. Another core value expressed by the NASW is the importance of human relationships. All people rely on other individuals for acceptance and as a support system when going through difficult times, or when having to make important decisions.As humans, we look for that support from other, therefore, social workers welcome the idea of other people being important factors to the healing, or helping, process of an individual(s). Social workers have realized the importance of developing stronger relationships between people to create a positive outcome and strengthen the well-being of individuals, families, social groups, organizations, as well as communities. The next core value, which I personally have always lived by in my own life, is integrity.A social worker should always act in a trustworthy manner in all situations and to always be aware of and remember the mission of the profession, the values expected to uphold, and those ethical principles and standards associated with the social work profession as a whole. They should continue to practice honesty and be responsible of upholding those ethical practices within the organizations they are affiliated with. Competence is the final core value discussed.A social worker should have the knowledge, resourcefulness, and dexterity to perform the job correctly while always continuing to improve their area of competence as well as strengthen and improve their abilities as a social worker. There is always new knowledge available which can help improve your skills as a social worker. I believe it is the responsibility of a good social worker to always be aware of any new information, theories, and research studies because there is always room for improvement and the more skillful and knowledgeable you are, the better work you can do to really help clients and society as a whole.I would now like to take this opportunity to discuss social work on a much more personal level, as it means to me. When I first began high school, I knew without a doubt that this type of work was what I wanted to do and what I wanted to major in when I went to college. I began with psychology because I was intrigued by questions such as why we think the way we do, or what makes one person turn out this way or think a certain way while the next person can behave completely different. The human brain and how it functioned, in general, was something I was completely fascinated by.And I still love psychology and everything about it, however, throughtout the years, I discovered my passion for wanting to help people in whatever way I could. Although my work experience included many very different types of work, I noticed one commonality between them all which was interacting with people, and helping people in some form or ano ther, and it was something I really loved doing and was remarkably good at it as well. Helping someone who was upset or angry and seeing them walk away with a smile and a whole new attitude made my day.In fact, I will find myself shopping in Wal-Mart and end up helping a complete stranger locate something they were looking for or even assist them in choosing which gift to purchase for a loved one. I realized that helping people just comes naturally to me. Even in my personal life, I was always the honest, trustworthy, and caring friend that my friends would come to when they needed help. My point is that my own morals, values, and beliefs which I live by and grew up with go hand in hand with those six core values every social worker should possess.This is why I decided that returning to school to obtain my master’s in social work was a much better fit for me that simply receiving a master’s in psychology. A career in social work is exactly what I would love doing for a living. When it came time to choose a concentration, I had to make a choice between mental health and family and children services. I once again looked at my own life. I have always had an interest in all areas of mental health. I have seen family members fighting addiction.I personally fought with anxiety, panic attacks, and depression after my son passed away from SIDS the day he made three months old as well as my battle with ADD when I was a child. When I was a teenager, I became very close to this wonderful family whose youngest daughter had been diagnosed with Down syndrome. Her name was Amy and although we were the same age, her mentality was that of about a ten year old. Amy and I became very close and spent a lot of time together for many years.We would go to all sorts of things together but quite often we would attend events where there would be many other children and adults with a variety of mental disabilities. I was fortunate enough to meet many of these individuals a nd their families as well and learned a lot about the many different mental handicaps. These opportunities increased my knowledge and curiosity as well. Therefore, due to my own life experiences, I have decided to concentrate in mental health. As an undergraduate at Southeastern Louisiana University, I learned a lot as far as my academic capabilities.Throughout high school, I never had to actually study or even really try very hard at all to maintain honor roll and stay in Beta Club so it took me awhile to adjust once I started college. I had to learn the best way for me to study and manage my time. Another hard lesson which I wish I would have picked up on much sooner was just how important those â€Å"A’s† were to my GPA. Although I figured it all out, my regret was that if I would have learned just a bit sooner my final GPA of 2. 895 would have been much, much higher!My strength academically is my love of knowledge and learning new things. I just can never get enoug h of that. I am so excited about the opportunity to attend USC to obtain my master’s in social work. After speaking with a few people who told just how great of a school I would be attending made me even more confident that I made the right decision when choosing which online university to attend. I know I made the right choice for my future and am looking forward to not only beginning my classes but also knowing that this is the beginning of the career I have been wanting for some time now.

There are two topicschoose one of them Coursework - 1

There are two topicschoose one of them - Coursework Example The authors, Carter and Usry (2002), define cost drivers as factors that cause the expense to happen or any factor that is identified with the event of an expense. Examples of cost drivers include machine hours, direct material hours, direct labor hours and so forth. The process of selecting the system most suitable for a business depends on having a clear comprehension of the benefits and limitations of the two primary costing systems. Also known as the conventional method, the traditional costing framework assigns manufacturing overhead costs to the manufactured products. This method assigns a factory’s indirect costs to the manufactured items on the basis of the volume of units produced, the direct labor hours, or the production machine hours. Therefore, with a traditional costing system the implication is that factory overhead costs are dependent on a given cost driver. The application of this assumption was applicable in the past decades because the listed cost drivers were the biggest contributors to manufacturing costs of products. However, in modern times manufacturing overheads have been driven by numerous factors hence the traditional costing system may be misleading in making effective management decisions (Cokins, 1998). Traditional costing systems apply indirect costs to the products by considering a predetermined overhead rate. The process of traditional costing begins with the identification and selection of the indirect costs and estimation of the expenses for the suitable period. The expense period can be monthly, quarterly, or yearly. The cost drivers that relate to the selected costs are then chosen. Similar to the expenses, the amount of the cost driver is evaluated for the suitable period. The estimated cost drivers and estimated expenses are then used to calculate an overhead rate that is then applied to the products using the figured rate. The conventional

Pricing at Deutsche Telekom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pricing at Deutsche Telekom - Essay Example The company owns various subsidiary companies of which all of them have names starting with the letter T such as the T-Home; a Legacy Telephone, Broadband and IPTV Service Provider, the T-Online; an Internet Service Provider, the T-Mobile; A Mobile Network Operator, and the T-Systems; A business division, focused on providing services to public and business sector customers. Recently the company has unveiled a new structural group through the merging of the two organizational units T-Com and T-Online into the Broadband/Fixed Network (BBFN) strategic business area. This Broadband/Fixed Network business area is one of the largest providers in Europe with approximately over 9 million broadband lines, 40 million narrowband lines and 14 million registered Internet customers. The company also holds substantial shares in other telecom companies especially within the region including Central European subsidiaries such as Magyar Telekom in Hungary, T-Hrvatski Telekom in Croatia, and Slovak Te lekom in Slovakia. Again these subsidiary companies some also hold shares in subsidiary companies such as maygar Telkom holds various shares in T-Crnogorski Telekom in Montenegro, and Makedonski Telekom in Macedonia; all of which have also been rebranded and included under the T-Com/T-Home umbrella. In the year 2009, the orange Telekom Company and the T-Mobile parent Deutsche Telekom announced of their involvement in advance negotiations to merge their UK operations to develop the largest mobile network in Britain that is now known as everything everywhere (EE) (Benoit 2012). The occurrence of such merging of large companies is a step by the companies to better secure the market such that they be having a better hand due to operating in large economies of scale. Deutsche Telekom has an exceptionally large and broad market share in the world. It is positioned in over 50 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and America with the heaviest investment being in the United States and throughou t Europe. It has a share market of approximately with almost ten million subscribers in Europe and a total of 50 million customers in Europe, Asia, and the United States. Having started in Germany as public owned the company became privatized in 1996 and has extended operations to a global level. Now the largest telecommunication company in the EU it is finding it difficult to expand its regional operations due to increased competition as a result of moving from regional to global markets and pricing pressures originating from increasingly restrictive EU sector specific legislation. The company generated a net income of â‚ ¬80 million on revenues of â‚ ¬64.6 billion in the year 2009. In relation to the previous year, 2008, this is a representation of a 76.5% drop in net income and a 4.8% increase in revenues when the company earned â‚ ¬340 million on â‚ ¬61.7 billion in revenue (Benoit 2012). The company is experiencing particularly high market penetration rates in Weste rn Europe and the United States. The company is also serving market penetration of various emerging markets in countries such as such as Brazil, India, China, South Africa and Argentina in Africa, Asia and South America. Such markets are now just opening up and adopting such technologies thus providing good avenues to sink investments first for companies to have a greater chance at dominating the consumer markets. The company faces stiff competition from some of the various capital

CIMT 534 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CIMT 534 - Essay Example In this kind of classroom, the teacher is the only one supposed to talk and it is the responsibility of the students to listen. Student centered learning has the focus shifting from the teacher to the student where the student has the responsibility of taking partial control over the learning process. There are certain advantages that come from both the learning strategies. For the teacher-centered mode of learning, some of the advantages include the fact that the classroom is always orderly and thus offering a quality environment. Since the teacher has the responsibility of directing the students, he/she does not have to worry about the students missing a particular topic. There are some downsides to this mode of learning (Smaldino, Lowther, & Russell, 2012). One of the disadvantages of incorporating this method of learning is the fact that it may lead to poor development in communication skills among the students since they are not allowed to work together. In these institutions, it is normal for the students to lack in concentration and this leads to their minds wondering and the consequent of this is the student failing in particular topics. Student-centered mode of learning also has its advantages in the contemporary environment. One of the major advantages of this method of learning is that the students get to develop effective communication skills that will assist them later on in life. Students also learn to ask questions at the points where they do not understand and this is vital for their understanding of the various topics. Students get interest further in the topics and this is because students are interested in activities in situations where they can interact with fellow students. One of the disadvantages of this mode of learning is the fact that the students may develop an ignorant nature and even disrespect the teacher out of the much freedom offered. The classrooms are also very noisy. Since the

Banana supply chain Australia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Banana supply chain Australia - Term Paper Example This is supported by the fact that almost the whole population has a banana at least a day. This is represented by over 95% of the general population. To meet this demand, there is need for mass production and an efficient supply chain in order to reach the consumers on time. Statistics indicate that the small scale farmers are the main suppliers of the bananas within the Australian market. North Queensland is the religion that is said to be very productive (Peckham 2011). It is the core region from where most of the bananas come from. Ingham is said to be one of the most productive region supplying the highest percent to the market. It is therefore imperative to note that most of the bananas are grown from the northern part of the country and have to be transported to the southern part. This is owing to the fact that most of the towns and population is found in the southern parts. For that reason, it is imperative to have an elaborate transport network that will ensure timely supply of products to the market. Supply chain It is indicated that the banana supply chain in Australia varies from place to place depending on the preference of the farmers (Nossal, 2009). One of the major supply chains however, is where there is the presence of an agent, who supplies to the wholesalers. The latter sell to the retailers who later sell the bananas in low quantities to the customers. The other common ones are from the farmers who sell directly to large wholesales, who also sell to the retailers. Finally, certain large retailers are also able to purchase directly from the farmers and then later to the customers. The latter is preferred by most marketers since there is little damage that is incurred during the transportation of the bananas to the market. This is owing to the fact that banana is a very delicate product and also very perishable. Big losses are incurred in the process of transportation especially where they have to be transported to large distances. For that r eason, there is a plan within the local market to bring the number of middlemen as low as possible. The main type of transportation network is the highway roads which connect directly from the farmers to the large markets in the southern parts of the market. Large trucks are loaded with the bananas and have to transport them over long distances. For instance, one of the longest distances is said to be 2,600km in order to reach the consumers (Nellemann 2009). This therefore indicates that there is need to have a reliable transport network that will not affect the supply of bananas. The price of bananas has been on the rise hitting as high as 5 dollars per kilogram. There are various factors that are said to contribute to this high prices ranging from weakening of the dollar as well as low supply. The latter is caused by among other factors poor weather conditions and effects on the roads (Nossal, 2009). Farmers also face losses owing to the adverse weather conditions that affect the countries from time to time. Most of the farmers who rely entirely on the rains may not produce enough or quality bananas that can compete favorably in the market. It is also indicated that some of the agents take advantage of the farmers by purchasing the bananas at low prices. This kind of exploitation denies most of the farmers enough capital to increase productivity. Factors affecting the supply chain The

Article from Marketing Journals Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

From Marketing Journals - Article Example The process adds to the product's final cost, convenience, and customer acceptance. A process may be streamlined to reduce costs and diminish consumer options, or the product may be customized, which adds to the total cost of the product but offers the consumer a greater number of alternatives. The article contended that the two major measurable and manageable characteristics of any process are complexity and divergence. It is the challenge of the manager to find the most effective balance of these important components of the process. Complexity refers to the "number and intricacy of the steps required" to perform the process (35). A laboratory that performs DNA testing could be said to be more complex than checking the air pressure in a tire. Divergence is the "degree of freedom allowed or inherent in a process step or sequence" (35). Processes that require analyzation, assimilating data, and judgment are said to be highly divergent, such as a doctor performing surgery. By blueprinting a service into a schematically represented diagram, or flow chart, the degree of complexity and divergence can be readily and visually available. The complexity and divergence can then be adjusted to fit a marketing, cost, manufacturing, or consumer need. Altering the complexity and divergence of the service process can have a significant impa... For example, a gasoline outlet may decide to offer only 2 grades of gasoline instead of 4. This will save costs by reducing inventory requirements and overhead costs. However, the customer has been offered fewer options. Alternatively, the station may decide to carry 6 grades of gasoline and add kerosene and diesel fuel. This strategy can result in a niche market with lower volume and greater margins, as it increases the divergence and positions the station differently in the market. Complexity also dictates the market position as well as consumer perception. A mechanic's garage may opt to reduce their complexity and limit their work to muffler and brake systems. This specialization strategy can be risky when competing with more broad based and full service alternatives (38). However, increasing complexity runs the risk of poor quality or customer confusion. Customers may be unaware that a garage that offers automobile detailing, inspections, body and paint, and mechanical work, also does quality brake work. The manager must look for the market position that will maximize the opportunities with the least risk. In conclusion, visualizing the complexity and divergence of the service processes can help to understand the current market position and help plan for repositioning. The process that goods or services are subjected to is a raw material that can be manipulated and formed. This structured approach can reveal the characteristics that "not only affect market position, but also can be deliberately and strategically managed for positioning purposes" (42). Blueprinting and diagramming gives the manager a greater understanding and more control over the processes that affect cost, quality, deliverability, and consumer perception. Works Cited Shostack, G L.

Family of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family of Law - Essay Example The judges will study other cases of theft from the past and extract their principles, and then use them to punish her. The kind of punished will be the same as the punishment given to other thieves in precedent theft cases. Gender and nationality of the friend cannot affect the ruling of the judges as long as she committed the theft offense in the Great Britain territory. The law is fair because it ensures that the guilty party is judged according to the judgments of the past similar cases. In France, the main type of law applied is the civil law. This type of law entails private laws on property, inheritance, family, and contract laws (Bell, 1998). Disputes are settled by allowing the two parties to engage in agreements, and if the agreements are broken by one or both parties the courts intervene by applying constitutional laws and statutes to pass resolutions. The theft of the friend could be death with in France by applying the civil law. The theft can be reported by the offended party to the relevant authorities who then apply the property law to enhance fairness to the owner of the property stolen. The friend may be required to pay for damages or can be jailed in court for a number of years determined by the law. The fact that the friend is a foreigner or a lady cannot influence the decision of the authorities in France under the civil law because the statutes and the constitutional laws apply to all cases committed in France. The law is fair because it follows the statutes and the constitution which are used to protect the rights of the citizens, e.g. the right to own property. The third country that can be considered in this essay is Saudi Arabia. The family of law that may apply in Saudi Arabia is theocratic law. This type of law depends on the doctrine of religion which suggests that the ruler of the people is God or the gods (Hirschl, 2010). Disputes are

Management plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management plan - Essay Example Quitting is never a good decision pertaining to this case; rather she can opt for a better opportunity. A winner never quits and he or she has to march towards their goal facing all the hurdles in life. Not all the organizations will have the same problem. But at this time she should develop an attitude to manage with the difficulties in the institution created by the higher officials. Since her educational status is primary requirement, she should enquire about different schools which can provide distance learning programs or evening colleges which will offer her the required degree. So that she does not loose the experience in the work and also completes her course in the ordained time. In this present case she has to learn to cope up with the present situation of the organization. Parallel to this she should make every effort to look for an alternate; she should be prepared in mind not to look for rewards or recognition since she cannot get what she expects in this organization. The time taken for accomplishing things for the decision she made will includes time taken to shift to a new job (Full time or part-time) and as well as to complete her degree. a. The decision made will be evaluated on the outcomes of the decision. With reference to her situation it is obvious that she should make a decision with minimal risk or no risk.

Starbucks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Starbucks - Assignment Example Secondly, before one leaves the premises there is a paper available for leaving opinions (Coffeehouse, n.d.). This way, the company is able to track its clientele’s needs and meet them accordingly. Starbucks organizes its shop as per the customer needs. Once inside, there are various seating spaces for persons ranging from one to five. Additionally, one is able to order for a drink from anywhere by simply pressing a button on the table. Starbucks has managed to maintain its competitive edge judging by the number of its ever-increasing clients despite the emergence of other players in the industry. Nonetheless, Starbucks ought to venture into sale of Mcfood in other countries and States. This is in a bid to fend off competition which could cause problems in the future if competitors capitalize on the company’s weaknesses. At Starbucks managerial control was not witnessed save for one case where the person in charge seemed to have say in almost everything. As to whether this company can maintain its profitability a time like this, the answer would be in affirmative. This is because many of its stores are doing well. Moreover, the invention by its top executive has enabled it to withstand tough competition from Costa coffee. Finally, the company has set high ethical standards where firstly, the staffs are prohibited against any undiplomatic to clients. Secondly, customer complaints are handled in a professional way without any arguments whatsoever (Coffeehouse,

How does an LDAP directory differ from a relational database system Essay Example for Free

How does an LDAP directory differ from a relational database system Essay 5. How does an LDAP directory differ from a relational database system? †¢You cannot write a stored procedure or trigger to help maintain LDAP data. †¢The â€Å"D† in â€Å"LDAP† stands for â€Å"directory†, not â€Å"database† †¢The â€Å"P† in â€Å"LDAP† clearly indicates that LDAP is, in fact, a â€Å"protocol†. †¢LDAP has no notion of rows, tables, or other database elements. †¢LDAP has no notion of relational integrity †¢LDAP data is a hierarchical collection of objects, not a linked collection of relations. 6. What is the basic unit of information in an LDAP directory? What is the structure of an attribute? An entry is the basic unit of information in an LDAP directory. Each attribute has a name (an attribute type or description) and one or more values. 10. Where is the LDAP device object class defined? Which of its attributes are mandatory and which are optional? The device object class is defined in the /etc/ldap/schema/core.ldif file. Its mandatory attribute is cn. Its optional attributes are serial Number, See Also, owner, ou, o, l, and description. 11. How would you determine the longer name for the l (lowercase â€Å"l†) LDAP object class? $ grep \l\ /etc/openldap/schema/*.ldif/etc/openldap/schema/core.ldif:olcAttributeTypes: (2.5.4.7 NAME ( l localityName ) 1. Which two daemons are part of the Samba suite? What does each do? SMBD: The smbd program provides Samba’s file and printer services, using one TCP/IP stream and one daemon per client. It is controlled from the default configuration file, samba_dir/lib/smb.conf, and can be overridden by command-line options. NMBD: The nmbd program is Samba’s NetBIOS name and browsing daemon. It replies to broadcast NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBT) name-service requests from SMB clients and optionally to Microsoft’s Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) requests. Both of these are versions of the name-to-address lookup required by SMB clients. The broadcast version uses UDP/IP broadcast on the local subnet only, while WINS uses TCP/IP, which may be routed. If running as a WINS server, nmbd keeps a current name and address database in the file wins.dat in the samba_dir/var/locks directory. 2. What steps are required for mapping a Windows user to a Linux user? Set the username map parameter in smb.conf to point to the map file, frequently /etc/samba/smbusers, and assign a Samba password to the user 3. How can a system administrator add a Samba password for a new user? smbpasswd username 4. What is the purpose of the [homes] share? Should this share be browseable? Why? The [homes] share implicitly shares the home directory of each user without having to define specific shares. 5. Describe how Samba’s handling of users differs from that of NFS. NFS directory hierarchies are mounted by root and NFS maps users on the client to users on the server. A nonroot user mounts a Samba share and all accesses to that share occur in that users name.

Advertisement Coca Cola Commercial Media Essay

Advertisement Coca Cola Commercial Media Essay Coca-Cola has one of the most recognized brands in the world, and that recognition is due in large part to the companys careful marketing and branding efforts. In an Essence magazine, I noticed that the Coca Cola uses warm welcoming colors such as gold, brown, and orange to set the atmosphere. Also symmetry plays an important role in this advertisement. For instance, the props are equally matching on both sides the table around the cake. There is one woman in the center of the group as a focal point; all the other women have their heads tilted toward her. Clothes in this ad even have a pattern. First, the woman to the far right has a pattern shawl; the woman next to her left is wearing a solid color blouse. As we continue to examine each woman clothes, every other woman is wearing either solid color or a pattern shirt. Facial gestures are scripted as well; if we look closer on each side of the table two women give the same face expression with their nose up and month open. Another symmetrical trait is the women hair styles. Therefore the women that match facial expression also match with having long hair styles. The storyline is simple; it takes place at someone house in the kitchen. Friends gather around the table to celebrate a birthday. Skinny African American women are look happy and are laughing having a good time. Then the advertisement states in lower case letters, whos counting? Coca Cola make it real. Coco Cola ad is targeting African American women in their mid twenty to mid thirties and promising them that no one care about the calories, age doesnt matters, and y ou will have a good time because Coca Cola is the real taste of soda. Evidently, the brand being advertised in the ad is unmistakably Coca Cola, and the product being promoted is Coca cola can. The characters in the advertisement give a picture of young African American women, probably in their mid twenties to mid thirties celebrating a birthday party. Undoubtedly, the advertisement is specifically meant for them. According to Goddard, women in such an age group are faced with a couple of decisions to make, which include but are not limited to marriage, career status, and independence (121). Additionally, these women are usually faced with dietary and weight problems, matter that forces them to watch their eating habits more closely. It would seem unusual to see a woman in this age group celebrating some good moments without the company of men. This leads to majority of them being insecure, unhappy, and less confident. Conversely, the ad gives another scenario of the situation that is sure of attracting emotions. The women in the ad are all happy, as e videnced from the facial expressions and the celebration. Interestingly, they seem independent and able to treat themselves without help from any male presence. Pickton Masterson postulate, Coca cola products give a clear impression that it is the ideal drink for the occasion (15). The advertisers make of use hype to illustrate a certain impressions. Hype refers to vague and meaningless statements as such as Coca Cola Making It Real and no one is counting. This makes the whole scenario to sound good. Another attention-seeking hook towards the target market in the advertisement is the use of femininity and culture. The Coca cola ad is all-feminine with complete presence of females. Additionally, the setting of the advertisement is the kitchen, a place commonly associated with the female species. Robinson Warwick argue that gender stereotype is sure to capture the attention of the African American woman who loves to share issues affecting them during social settings such as in friends parties and social settings (50). The Coca cola can fit in properly to such a scenario given that they are all females celebrating a birthday party of one of their own. Culture is applicable in this situation given that the advertisement specifically targets females of African American origin. The feminine scenes of African American women depict the culture being targeted in the ad (niche marketing). Beauty is among the outstanding features of this Coca Cola ad in that images of average African American women are used to glamorize the whole scenario. Robinson Warwick goes further to claim that, Even if their ages can easily be categorized into a particular group, they still manage to give an impression of beautiful and happy African American women having fun (55). Additionally, the impression of beautiful and happy African American women does not necessarily tell anything regarding the Coca Cola product but all the same, the impression is capable of relaying emotional transfers about the product and making someone to feel good through influence and manipulation. According to Pickton Masterson, the technical effects in the advertisement that are key to adding the intended effects to the commercial (20). For instance, the camera angles made sure that all the necessary details in the advertisement had been given the desired perspective. Emphasis was provided by ensuring that the images were taken from a close-up angle. The set and setting was preferably the kitchen to give a feminine impression to the targeted audience. This in turn serves to generate an emotional impression to the audience that the product being advertised is ideal for their normal environment whereby independence can also be exercised. Accessories are featured mainly in the advert to promote an element of beauty to the Coca Cola product being advertised. The African American women featured in this advert are nice dressed as evidenced from their hairstyle, to stylish and elegant clothes, and jewelry (necklace and earrings). These accessories truly give images of beautiful women, an element that the target audience can easily associate. In the ad, the poses and clothes by the second and fourth persons are similar. Their necks of their clothes are both v-shaped, the color being the only differentiating thing. Moreover, they both wear accessories (earrings and necklace) to complement their beautiful appearance. The first and the last women seem to share some similarity as evidenced from their poses. Finally, the third (middle) woman seems to share the same amusement with the other women thereby completing a happy moments that they seem to be sharing. The Coca Cola product completes the celebrating mood by relaying the intended message of happiness and beauty. The whole advert is sure to persuade the target audience that they can be happy, attractive, and beautiful. The use of color in the advertisement helps in giving life to the situation. The golden color that seems to be illuminated by the lighting of the room completes the delightful moment typical of celebrations such as birthday parties. The candles, the cake, the table, and most of the elements in the background are matched to draw emotional attention. Additionally, the color matches with the golden and/or chocolate complexion of the African American characters in the advert. The scenario looks beautiful to the eyes and is likely to be associated by the targeted audience. The contents of the product are sure to fit in to the situation for it matches with the hair of the characters giving a matching effect to the elements in the advert. Again, beauty and happiness is a sure thing to be associated by the targeted audience. The message promoted in the commercial is simple, beautiful women are always happy. The slogan-Coca Cola make it real gives the message that if happens to the characters in the audience, it can also happen to them. Age is a major factor in the advert given that the target audiences are African American women in their mid twenties to mid thirties. Usually, such women are coupled with identity issues to do with their ages, social status, and independence. They are often mirrored by the society and are expected to have achieved something under their name. Leading on the list is marriage or family responsibilities. Additionally, they can never do anything without their motive being questioned. This includes but not limited to having fun and enjoying themselves. This advert promises to give them reassurance through the do not care attitude that nobody is counting and therefore they should have uncontrolled fun. Instead, they should have it real as it is just as portrayed by those consuming the advertised product. Conversely, advertising has a lot to do with conveying the intended message. This is attained by use of words that are capable of generating straightforward meaning without having to struggle much. Tomlinson emphasizes, Coca cola advert uses a mixture of signs, texts, and gestures to drive the desired meaning to the audience (65). Images of those featured in the Coca cola commercial contains some iconic qualities that the audience can easily associate. Those images belong to normal, average African American women enjoying themselves in a normal setting and it provides resemblance effects to the audience. Symbolic gestures and facial expressions give illusions of some people who are happy and it is clear that they are consuming the advertised product and happy altogether. Finally, the presentation of the Coca Cola advert can be categorized as being simple and compound. It is simple in the sense that most of the intended information is relayed on a neutral background (Tomlinson 71). The target audience is not only easily identified but also the product being advertised. Alternatively, it is characterized as being compound in the sense that it employs realistic pictures of African American women in straightforward situations. For instance, drinking is common during birthday celebrations and therefore Coca cola comes in handy. Additionally, it unusual of people in a celebration party to be sad and thusly, the women in this advert are portrayed as being happy. Strategy is also evident in the Coca cola avert. Firstly, the brand image takes the lead in the advert for the only evident brand in the picture is that of coca cola. The brand is fore grounded so that everyone can see. Goddard asserts, Generic and pre-emptive messages are included to persuade provide the audience with the necessary personalities (122). For instance, the messages whos counting and make it real are included in the advert add meaning to the brand image. The Coca cola commercial is sure to provide the targeted audience with the promise of improving their personalities by connecting concrete features of the product and the driving force.

The Green Party | Political Analysis

The Green Party | Political Analysis The emergence of the green movements was related to a shift to post-materialist values in advanced industrial societies, especially in Europe (Muller-Rommel, 2002). Aiming for better quality of life and self-fulfilment, the green agenda was originally focused on single issues like provision of park tracks, urban renewal, high-way construction, nuclear energy and cruise missiles in the 1980s. During the period of 1980 to 1984 there were Green Parties in twelve Western European countries with which started to successfully perform in the parliamentary system, including national government (Muller-Rommel, 2002). During the 1970s, Green Parties were founded in more countries like Europe, Australia, Brazil, the USA and Ukraine (Doherty, 2002). Although the first Green Parties were established in Tasmania (1972), New Zealand (1972) and Britain (1973), they were not considered as successful and remained small and weak in their political performance. Although the different green parties were all based on the same basic principles, their evolution, progress and electoral success vary widely between different countries. As table 1.1 shows, Austria, Belgium Finland, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherland, Sweden and Switzerland identified as the countries with more successful Green Parties. Green party success is a multi-variable phenomena (Richard). Existence, electoral and parliamentary power of green parties , their electoral success and environmental consciousness are vary widely between countries (Rich). Factors behind the differential success Although many theories have been put forward to discuss this variation of success, most of them consider electoral success rather than the success as a whole. New social movements, new class accounts and post materialism (Carter, 2007: 88) are the three major theoretical attempts to explain the green party development but failed in explaining the differential success (Carter, 2007). New social movements are students, peace , antinuclear, feminist and environmental movements that are responsible for protest campaigns that swept Western Europe from 1960s (Carter, 2007). New class accounts justify the new politics targeting basic changes in economic and social structures of capitalists society in post war era (Carter, 2007: 88). Democrats in industrial countries shift away from material concerns for economy and security to post-material concerns such as a concern for liberty or for the environment is explained by the post materialism. However, the Political Opportunity Structure (POS) t he dimensions of the political environment that either encourages people to use collective action or discourage them from doing so, and which shape the development of movement explains the variation in success in aspects of structure, culture, electoral system and party competition. (Carter, 2007:88) Rich () identified the environmental consciousness with an identified political action which is appropriate to the individual state agenda, as the fundamental factor of the development of a green party is success. He further explains that the progress of green parties from 1970s 1980s was based on their understanding, that pressure group activity and personal spirituality are not substitutes for political actions. In Harmel and Robertson (1984); Hauss and Rayside (1978) Cleavages or strains; institutional factors, such as characteristics of the electoral system and centralization of the government; and more directly political factors, such as the position of trade unions and the configuration of existing party competition were identified as factors behind differential success. As a main dependent variable in green party success electoral success is determined by their capability of reaching a given vote or a seat threshold (MÃ ¼ller-Rommel,1994: Kitschelt 1988). In a successful party it should not be limited to a particular election but stable and consistent over a considerable period (Bomberg, 2002). However the recent attention of this analysis is more towards the party behaviour within the government (MÃ ¼ller-Rommel, 1994). It was argued that, as existing parties fail to meet new requirements of material wealth, considerable changes in the industrial formation, modifying living standards, and the increase of postmaterialist values, Green Parties gain a better opportunity to establish their selves in political and social arena (Inglehart 1990). Analysing the green party evolution of Germany, Britain and France is critical to clear understanding of this differential success due to their contrasting behaviour. German Greens The German Greens were neither the first green party nor the first greens that entered a parliament (Redding and Viterna,1999). However, it is highlighted in the literature on green party evolution due to the early success which inspired the rise and spread of green parties globally and due to the formation of a red-green coalition (Muller Rommel and Poguntike, 2002). The four pillars of Green parties Ecological wisdom, Social justice, Grassroots democracy and Nonviolence introduced by German green party in 1979 to 1980, are fundamental to the world wide green parties. Unquestionably, Die Grunen in the Federal Republic of Germany was the most successful green party in Europe (Oneill, 1997; Muller Rommel and Poguntike, 2002). The German Green Party Die Gruenen was established in 1980. It emerged from the new social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. It was mainly the peace movement, the womens movement, the anti-nuclear movement and the ecology movement that contributed to the foundation of the party. The early Greens focused on protest campaigns regarding issues like nuclear power, Pershing and Cruise missiles and acid rain (Carter, 2007).. Proportional representation of electoral system and open POS of Germany helped German greens to enter the political system (X). As it refunds the cost of election campaign for parties who earn more than 0.5 % votes, the electoral system of the Germany encouraged the arrival of greens into politics. Consequently, green party was able to work on election campaign without drawing a rich sponsor (carter, 2007). Although Germany was governed by the SPD from 1969 to 1982, the social-democrats failed to resolve the conflict between environment and economic interest groups and respond to new political demands raised by the green movement. This failure was one factor of the electoral success and establishment of Die Gruene in the German political arena (X). . In the 1983 federal elections, Die Gruenen gained 5.6% of the votes and won 27 seats in the national parliament. Though the 5% threshold value of electoral system makes harder to small parties to entering the parliament, German Greens were able to be the first Green party entering European national legislature achieving that barrier (X). This experience enabled Die Grunen to gain national media attention and build up financial resources, parliamentary skills and political credibility, as well as to expand their popular support (Frankland 1995: 27). With all the publicity and their strategies, German greens managed to increase their votes in the 1987 federal election and was able to won 8.3% of the votes (X). The federal election of 1998 was an important milestone in their history as they participated in a new federal government in an unprecedented coalition with the social-democratic party (Rommel and Poguntke, 2002). To analyse if the greens were successful in this coalition, it is crucial to assess their negotiation with the coalition partner, the strategies they applied to influence government policies and their conflict resolution strategies (Rommel and Poguntke, 2002). In contrast to countries like Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands, the absence of a communist party after 1956 facilitated the establishment of greens in Germany. The Greens filled up the gap of a left political party (Richard) and X. With this progress western Germany could win 8.8% in 2005 and more success than 5% of East Germany (Carter, 2007). Another challenge the Greens were confronted are the internal conflicts between two opposed internal factions. Fundis members adhere to green principles without any compromise while Realos are more pragmatic and willing to adopt party strategies to be more successful X). However, wise conflict resolution and proper leadership could drive the party success (Carter, 2007). British Greens Britain Green party People was the first European Green party established in 1973 (Carter, 2007). This party was based on the Blueprint for Survival which consists of four principles; human survival with minimum disruption of ecological process, the maximum conservation of materials and energy, a population in which recruitment balanced loss, and social system which the individual citizen was content with (Oneill, 1997). Despite that attempt of demonstrating their environmental consciousness they could obtain only 1.8% votes in 1974 general election and among five constituencies North West recorded with the highest of 3.9%. In 1975 as a pure green approach among other parties with dark green and red green fractions they have changed their name as Ecology party (Oneill, 1997). However, British Green party is considered to be having an unsuccessful fortune, compare to most of other greens with national government success (Carter, 2007; Oneill,1997). The major reason behind this regression is the British electoral system and its poor recognition of small political parties (Carter, 2007). A rather closed Political Opportunity Structure in Britain focuses more on major parties and their success and its opportunity for a smaller party is negligible (Carter). Since the British Plurality electoral system focuses on individual constituency contests between major parties, prospects for small parties to enter the parliament are rare, unless they represent a Welsh or Scottish Nationality based on geography. The financial barrier created by the British electoral system discourages small parties from contesting in elections as they need to deposit 500 pounds per candidate before election, which is only refundable if a minimum of 5% of the vote is won. The Green party faced a significant economic crisis after the general election of 1992, as they lost their deposits for all 253 candidates and did not receive any government funding (Carter, 2007). The competition by other political parties trying to draw environmentalists votes, such as Liberal Democratic, Scottish and Welsh nationalists party also created a hard time for greens in establishing their political stability. However, as an important miles stone they were able to win 15% of the votes in 1989 election (Carter, 2007). Growing public environmental consciousness, protests against the Conservative Government and fragile nature of new Liberal Democratic party are considered to be the major reasons behind this success. However, as the Liberal Democrats got more successful and materialism grew again, the Green party was confronted with a lot of obstacles and their popularity decreased (Redding and Viterna, 1999: Carter, 2007). However recent positive trend of British Green party is more likely to be satisfactory as they could secure the European parliament election and Scottish election in1999 and Greater London Assembly in 2000. Successes of 2003 and 2004 could win the seven seats of Scottish Parliament. These achievements triggered their performance in national election and won 3.37 contested seats in 2005 while saving 24 deposits. Reformation of Political Opportunity Structure of European parliament through introduction of proportional representation opened up the way for this positive trend in greens fortune in Britain (Carter, 2007). French Greens The establishment of the French greens was triggered by the anit-nuclear movement and its opposition the construction of a powerful nuclear plant under a right-wing government in 1974. The first French Green party Les Verts was formed in 1984. It won eight seats in European election in 1989. The French Greens were first elected to the French National Assembly in1997. After Francois Mitterant, was elected president in 1981, broke his promise of submitting a moratorium on the construction of a nuclear power plant, environmentalists realized the importance of forming a unique party to raise their voice on environmental problems. Generation Ecologie was the second French Green party. It was formed in1990 by Brice Lalonde, former Environmental Minister. Even though both parties were successful in the 1992 regional elections, they were unsuccessful in the 1993 national election and failed to win even a single seat. One of the major reasons why the green parties had trouble to develop stability is the Political Opportunity Structure in France. In contrast to Germany or the UK, the electoral system of France is based on two rounds of elections. There is a legislative and a two-round presidential election. 12.5% vote winners of first round can proceed with the second round. Hence passing this threshold values alone was again a major challenge for minor parties. As a mutual effort socialists and greens had to reach the target together to keep their political stability and survival in the parliament. Les Verts could again establish in 1997 through a coalition with Dominique Voyer the national speaker of the socialist government and secure the status even in 2002. In contrast to Germany, left -right cleavage of the French political system is basically a static system which constrains the establishment of a new party in the political arena. However, the decline of political stability of major parties in 1980s facilitated the entering of greens into the political arena. Although coalition used as a strategy for entering the political system it was the beginning of decline of party structural integrity. Diverse political views between members was fundermental to lots of internal conflicts and some of the main green activists left the party due to the inconsistency of the political vision. With the changes of POS under plural left alliance green party was exhausted with organizational structure, leadership and financial stability (Carter, 2007). Conclusion Evolution of green parties and the rationale behind their rise and fall vary widely between countries. However, German, France and Britain examples which have different fortunes for green parties reflect that they all bear a common pool of facts behind the differential success. National constraints that green parties confronted with vary widely between countries. Firstly the institutional structure of the state, where countries with closed system of government have more space for ideas and establishment of green parties. However openness of the bureaucracy marginalizes the green parties as in Britain. Political tradition of a country and nature of the electoral system also can obstruct or facilitate the development of green party. However, no single factor can determine the success and development of a green party or the potential of its establishment (challenge Richard). The essay supports the (X)s argument of existence, electoral and parliamentary power of green parties is proportional to the performance of green parties in national government coalitions. The actions of a green party especially ideological development, internal struggles and performance in the government, influenced on its electoral success (Redding and Viterna, 1999). The literature figure out that electoral system of the country, environmental consciousness, institutional structure of the party, financial stability and party behaviour (internal conflicts and conflict resolution) as the major factors behind the differential success of Green parties as a whole. According to Skocpol (1992) being successful as a party is lie in how social demands well within the institutional structure, especially in opportunities and obstacles. Foreign Direct Investment: Comparison of India and China Foreign Direct Investment: Comparison of India and China Foreign Direct Investment is a hot topic in most policy circles as it is associated in many instances with significant macroeconomic changes and improvements in the range of goods and services produced in recipient countries. Furthermore growth in recipient countries is often ascribed to these inflows and so competition for higher inflows of FDI has become competitive. Most of the developing and developed countries increase their economy by enhancing their share in the global market through FDI inflows. As FDI shows more impact on the countrys economy, most of the foreigners are investing their amount in other countries for improving their profits with less manpower and minimum initial cost. These inflows were easily achieved by the investors by just fulfilling their basic requirements and maintaining their policies. FDI can be used by the countries only when they meet some of the major requirements like transfer of capital, a source of funds for foreign operations, Control investmen t and a balance of payments flow (Nicolas, B., 2010). Even though the FDI inflows in developing countries are low that is nearly 5%, this shows more impact on the economy in terms of the development programs by introducing new technologies. This change will be occurred only in the surroundings of investment areas. Here, in this research the FDI inflows between India and China are studied by comparing both the countries. Further of this study clearly explains the various aspects that are considered by the India and China for increasing the FDI inflows in the global market and also illustrates the policies that are followed by China as most of the investors prefer China when compare to the India. Finally, it recommends some of the policies and the changes that need to be made by the Indian Government for improving its FDI inflows. 1.2. Aim and Objectives Aim: To study the variations between the FDI policies of Indian and China based on their inflows and overall performance of the economy. Objectives: To study the importance of FDI and the required fundamental policies for acquiring the FDI. To research on the impact of FDI inflows in India and China based on their overall performance. Identifying the possible steps for Indian policy makers for improving their FDI inflows. Statistically evaluating the comparison between India and China in terms of FDI inflows. 1.3. Purpose of Study This study mainly focuses on the Foreign Direct Investment, the role of FDI in India and China and also illustrates the comparison between these two countries in terms of FDI. This research is selected in order to know more about the investments made by the developing countries and the involvement in international financial banking markets to influence the global and political aspects. This study is mostly useful for the people who are willing to know about the role played by FDI in the fast growing countries like India and China where these two countries differs in their environmental conditions. While researching about the FDI in both countries, one can easily analyze that China is showing more interest in attracting the FDI and is leading their economy when compare to India. So in order to clearly investigate on this point, this study also focuses on the aspects and the policies that need to be designed by the Indian country for attracting the investors and also to increase the ov erall performance of the economy by raising the inflows when compared to China. 1.4. Research Context In this study the researcher is focused on the worlds largest two most populated countries: India and China with a greatest history background. These two countries are known to be fast growing countries in the world and are known for their ample facilities and environmental conditions. These two countries are economically improving their standards in terms of technology and infrastructural growth. However, China is considered to be more positive in terms of attracting FDIs and are almost leading the comparison with India. In this research the time is a biggest constrain and to understand the research physically is really a tough target for the researcher by visiting both countries to meet and interview/ survey the financial organizations experts from various locations. However it is also noticed that in India only the FDI policies are changing from place to place based on the local governments rules and regulations. All the major rules and regulations governed by RBI and Government o f India are applicable, addition to that the investing company also needs to ensure that the environmental and ethical issues are not disturbed by the foreign investors in local and urban areas of various parts of India. As an example, there are some pilgrim places of India which does not allow non vegetarian food or related items so in that circumstance neither Government of India or RBI cannot allow the foreigners to invest their amount for a restaurant or bar and etc. Similarly in China it is one of the largest countries in the world and is having different cultures and backgrounds with in the country. Hence from the above context it is understood that this research will mainly focus on the secondary data available and in some areas it can get into the help of people related to the financial and banking industry. 1.5. Research Methodology For conducting any type of research, the data needs to be gathered by the researcher where this collected information should be in such a way that it is valid and accurate. Researcher need to choose a suitable method from various research methods, by which the researcher can successfully finish the research. Generally there exist two different types, primary data and secondary data. Primary data mainly focus on the aim of the research where the researcher can easily collects the information from various methods like surveys, interviews, etc. Where as in the secondary data, the researcher can collect the data only from the sources like journals, books, magazines, online articles, etc. where the researcher need to collect the accurate data as these recourses will not focus on the aim of research (Kumar, R., 2005). Here in this research, researcher collects the information through secondary data as the main aim of this research is to compare the FDI inflows in both India and China. As t he time is the biggest constrain, it will be really tough target for the researcher to select the primary data as the researcher either need to do interview /survey with the concern persons by visiting two countries where it cannot be possible with the period of time. So, its better to prefer secondary data for gathering accurate information for the research by referring various resources. Hence, the research can be successfully completed by analyzing the collected information and drawing the conclusion from this data. Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1. Overview This chapter will provide the suitable information and required material for completing research successfully with no issues during the research process. At the same time the literature review gives a basic idea about the research problem solving background with additional material from their related background history. The growth of multinational enterprise (MNE) activity in foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown at a faster rate than most other international transactions as well as the trade flows between countries. The research literature review covers the objects related to foreign direct investment, detailed introduction and description of FDI and impacts of FDI. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has defined the FDI as an international investment of one company with the target of enduring relationship i.e. Investments made by company must exceed the equity of Target Company by 10%. The major requirements of the investors will help in faster growth of their organization which is explained by Nicolas, B. (2010) in terms of Control investments, supply of funds for foreign operations, a balance of payments flow and Capital transfers. 2.2. Brief History and background of Foreign Direct Investment In the present world, there exist various investment techniques for the corporations for increasing their growth. If these industries lacks in making right decisions in their investment then it may lead to reduce their growth and their level in the global market. So, many of the countries prefer Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) compare to other techniques because most of the corporations get affected financially due to their investment decisions. Mostly FDI is preferred as it is considered as an integral part of an open and effective international economic system and also referred as the major catalyst to development (OECD, 2002). In the present market, USA stood a number one position in FDI flows. According to Nicolas Breitfeld (2010, p.1), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is defined by the IMF as an international investment of one company with the intention of lasting relationship. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in the financial sector. Generally most of the countries believe that increasing the international linkages through FDI is an important feature of financial globalization and elevates the major challenges for statistics and policymakers in industrial and developing countries (Neil, K. P., 2004). Further of this section, it clearly discusses the views of authors on FDI, the importance of FDI and mainly focuses on the issues that are being faced by the countries while introducing the FDI. Even-though authors define Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in different ways based on their research it is mainly mend to development on countrys and globalization. Some of the authors views on FDI are discussed below: According to Organization for Economic Co-Operation and development (OECD) (2008, p.62), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a business located in one country (the direct investor) invests in a business located in another country (the direct investment enterprise) with the objective of creating a strategic and a lasting relationship. Here, the author suggests that occurrence of FDI exists only when the business persons invests their money in another country. They invest their income in another country by making some rules and regulations in their relationship. But according to Alexander, L. and IMFD, (2002), foreign direct investment defined as the integration of three components which are illustrated below: The branch profits need to be distributed and divided in equity without any holding withholding taxes. Accrued interest need to be paid to the direct investor by the direct investment enterprise, this can also be referred as income on debt. Earnings are reinvested in proportion with the direct investment stake. In this context, author says that the investment and the interest benefited by the business people need to be redistributed in an equal proportion among the investor and the direct investment enterprise. At the same time, Neil, K. P. (2004, p.3), discusses that according to BPM5 (Balance of Payments Manual) FDI defined as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). ÂÂ  Here, the author discuss that FDI indirectly affects the economy of another country as the other country invest their income on another country for gaining interest on their investment. Even though the opinions and views of the authors differs in defining the FDI but all the authors focus on only one point that is the benefit dragged by the investor and the direct investment enterprise. These investors of get benefited globally with FDI on the interest on their investment and also increases their international linkages with the industries established in another country. ÂÂ   2.3. Impacts of FDI Foreign Direct Investment is considered as a driver of economic growth and development for developing countries which often lack the technology or capital to promote sustained economic growth and development. Mostly, FDI is considered as one of the major drivers of globalization as it continuously raises with the high growth rates before the financial crisis hit the world economy. The way through which FDI promotes economic growth and development to the countries is contentious because there is no definitive evidence and lags in supporting the literature. Even though there is no empirical evidence in representing the impact of FDI on the countries there are some theoretical explanations from which one can easily analyse the impacts of FDI on developed and developing countries. According to Bora, B. (2002, p.168), FDI flows were increasing rapidly much more quickly than international trade flows, which in turn were increasing faster than world GDP. Laura Alfaro (2003) says that FDI of fers great advantages to host countries because many of the academics and policy makers argue that there exists a most important positive effect on the development of host countries. FDI not only acts as the source of the valuable technology but also helps the countries in developing the linkages with the local firms that indirectly helps the country in raising the economy. Due to these reasons, most of the developing and industrialized countries offer incentive for encouraging the FDI in their economies. The environmental impacts of foreign direct investment may be positive, negative or neutral based on the institutional and industrial context. Gorg and Greenwood (2002) comes under a conclusion that the effect due to FDI is negative by reviewing the information from the foreign-owned to domestically owned firms. But Lipsey (2002) supports the positive benefits in preferring FDI. FDI flows attained a new record level right from the year 1990 to 2000. Then, from the year 2001 the gro wth in the investment failed and the later years it saw a steady and steep decline in global FDI flows. , Figure: Shows trends in global FDI flows during the year 1991 to 2003 (FDI, 2007, p.7). FDI affects the economic growth of the country in various aspects like it raises the formation of human capital, provides a facility to transfer the technology between the host countries and also stimulates the domestic investment. The relationship between the impact of FDI and economic growth can be easily analyzed with the help of production function and also with the other variables that affect economic growth such as domestic, trade, labour and capital (Falki, N. 2009). Production function was done based on the endogenous growth. According to Kumar, N. (1998, p.112), Direct investment was thought of mainly as a flow of capital, possibly replacing local capital or possibly representing marginal additions to the host countrys capital stock, followed by the necessity of financing dividends and interest, and possibly repatriation of capital. Some of the authors studied on the impact of FDI on economic growth in developing countries where those opinions are illustrated below: Authors views on Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries S.No. Authors name Researched during the year Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries (Yes/No/May be) Explanation 1. Balasubramanyam 1996, 1999 May be Requires open or neutral trade regime 2. Borensztein 1998 May be Depends on education level of workforce 3. De Mello 1999 May be Depends on degree of complementarily and substitution between FDI and domestic investment 4. Graham and Wada 2001 Yes Raised per capita GDP in Chinese provinces with FDI concentration 5. Graham 1995 May be TNCs market power can generate negative impacts 6. Loungani and Razin 2001 May be Risks 7. Lim 2001 May be Depends on tax incentives, regulatory and legal impediments, macroeconomic instability 8. Marino 2000 May be Requires open trade and investment policies 9. Mallampallyand Sauvant 1999 May be Requires human resource development, information and other infrastructure 10. Markusen and Venables 1999 Yes Raises productivity and exports of domestic firms, generates spillovers 11. Rodrik 1999 No Reverse causality: TNCs locate, rather than drive growth, in more productive and faster growing countries Table: Shows the authors explanation on Does FDI Promote Economic Growth in developing Countriesthis is a question? (LyubaZarsky, 2005, p.25) From the above table, it can be understood that out of 11 authors, only 2 authors support that FDI promotes economic growth in the developing countries as they explain that it raises the productivity, exports of domestic firms and stated a practical example that it raised the percapita GDP of china government with the help of FDI. Rodrik, opposed the views of the other authors on supporting the FDI as based on their research. From Rodrik research, it has been stated that it doesnt shown impact rather it was derived as a reverse causality. Apart from these three authors, the remaining 8 authors were in a dynamo whether to support the FDI or not because all these authors states that the impact on FDI on economic growth depends only on the circumstances that the author considers but not on any other aspects. For example: FDI shows more impact on economic growth only when the government fulfil some basic needs such as require open trade, investment policies, human resource development, i nformation, other infrastructure, etc. If these requirements are fulfilled by the government then automatically it get benefited with the FDI but if it fails in reaching those needs then it may face some risks due to the policies and the agreement between the countries. Hence, it can be stated that impacts of FDI directly depends on the situations and circumstances that are being considered by the government. By tightening of international financial conditions will have as awful effect on inflows of FDI. In the recent years, this has been main source of assets for many countries (U. N. Staff. 2009).FDI shows more effect on the economic growth of the countries as it provides various benefits to the countries that acquire FDI are illustrated below (Khan Arshad, 2007): Introduces the latest techniques and technologies of marketing and management with the help of FDI, the developing countries can know more about the latest techniques and the technologies that are being used by the developed countries. By acquiring and implementing these latest technologies in the developing countries, to some extent it can increase its growth in terms of economy. Exploitation and utilization of local raw materials usage of raw materials in the countries will be increased by exporting these excess materials to other countries and get benefited with them by importing other raw materials from other country which are shortage in their countries. Can be easily access to the new technologies as there will be a rapid flow between the countries, each of the country can know more easily about the other country and their religion. Based on this analysis, it can assess and access the technologies in their own region by making contract with the other countries. Financial flows between the countries Foreign inflows between the countries are used for financing current account deficits. The finance flows between the countries are transferred in the form of FDI where it doesnt generate interests and repayment of principal but internally raises the human capital stock through job training. Chapter 3: Empirical Literature on FDI based on INDIA and CHINA 3.1. Effects of FDI on all other countries when compared with India and china The existence of a strong negative relationship between trade share and country size was supported by the literature on trade and development. Country size and trade ratio are inversely proportional in size (larger the size of the country smaller is the trade ratio), the foreign trade, investment, and technology transfer between countries will directly affect the degree of sincerity and competitive pressures emanating from abroad (Pieter, B. 2007). Thus, the impact of these competitive pressures would be much less in a large country such as China and India than that among other East Asian NICs. In recent years china had recognized its need towards foreign trade, investment and technology with the aim of modernization, nothing like the Third World developing countries (India) that impoverished foreign capital. 1984-85 1994-95 1999-2000 2004-05 2006 2007 World 2.2 4.8 18.3 9.0 12.9 14.8 Developed economies 2.1 3.9 19.1 7.7 12.80 15.6 Developing economies 2.8 8.1 15.8 11.9 12.5 12.6 Developing Asia 2.3 7.9 12.1 9.9 11.0 10.6 East Asia 1.9 9.0 14.8 9.3 8.7 8.6 China 1.8 15.9 10.4 7.7 6.4 5.9 South Asia 0.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 6.2 5.7 India 0.1 1.7 2.7 3.1 6.6 5.8 Table 2: shows FDI inflow as percentage of gross domestic fixed capital formation (GDFCF), 1944 -2007. (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The average annual level of FDI inflow for developing Asia had raced sharply from US$ 19 billion during 1984 1985 to US$ 500 billion till 2007, at the same time share to developing countries have raised from 15.1 to 17.4 percent which is shown in the above table. The gross domestic fixed capital (GDFCF) as a share of FDI inflow is higher for all the developing countries in the period 1984 1996 and reversal due to the Asian financial crisis during 1997 98. FDI inflow for developing Asia with the average FDI/GDFCF ratio during entire period 1984 2007 is approximately 9 percent and 7.1 per cent when compared with all the developing countries at the same time the global average is 7.4 per cent. China is the recipient country of inward flow and the largest developing country from past two decades where it has been investigated a theoretical increase in inflow with in developing Asia. Among all the countries china was in the second position for total FDI flow as per the ASEAN countries , with increased average annual level of US$ 3 billion during 2000-2007, and from the year 1980 to 1997 almost before six years china was in the second half with US$ 30 billion which was the onset effect of financial crises from 1997-98, due to decline and with determination from about US$ 35 billion per annum before the year 1997 to an annual average of about US$ 24 billion between 1997-79. Establishment of export-oriented industries is heavily concentrated by chinas FDI, there observation on the share of FIEs for total exports in transition economies of china is two percent of expended persistently before 1980 and approximately 60 percent by the year 2006. India process to increases FDI participation in export- oriented activities which had remained at a outlier region of FDI whose one/third FDI during the independence in 1947 was a major amount of stock as a primary sector with plantation, mining and oil at the same time one/forth was the manufacturing and all the remaining stock s are in services, mostly trade, construction, transportation and utilities. The inflow started increasing in manufacturing from 1960s although with a divestment from this sector of FDI, since, low-wages, low skilled manpower are the Indias huge supply it can attract garments and other simple assembly activities which would indirectly favor the heavy foreign investment industry thus primarily focusing towards domestic market. From mid 1990s a slight increase in software is observed as well as significant competition with the world market at industrial production was not notable (Park, J. H. 2002).some of the difficulties which are to be faced and over come for fast development of the country . India faced many difficulties to attract foreign investors in both products and services market now it is only success to service industry of IT mainly. In order to overcome these difficulties to stimulate domestic demand this is given in three steps: The interest rates should be competitive in RBI. Value added tax (VAT) are to be implemented. Reduce the budget deficit through government. Figure: shows the financial states of India and china GDP the total chinas financial assets is approximately 220 per cent of GDP at the same time Indias financial assets is 160 per cent, countries savings and investment is the great strength for chinas financial system and Indias financial system is outside occur in savings and investments (Sources: Slide share 2008, slide No:18). 3.2. Fundamental policies of FDI India followed market-distorting policies on both foreign and private investments thus with this estimation about barriers for imports and exports are analyzed. Thus it become necessary to control the production and distribution as well as administered price controls etc. The impacts of opening up policies are likely to open up with foreign trade, investment and technology transfer, which would be much less in large countries of china and India when compared with all other East Asian NICs. Chinas opening policies in recent years is the success story with the favorable impact is not only for small economies but also for all large continental economies. China and India may not suffer from a large country constriction for adopting the export-oriented, outward-looking development strategy considerably (Park, J. H. 2002). The reformist policy is to fill the domestic savings gap which is necessary for economic development with foreign capital inflows, along with other goals in advanced for eign technology and managerial skills, and to promote exports to increase the foreign exchange earnings of the country. Due to open-door policy Chinas trade and inflow of foreign direct investment and loans are impressive, thus within a very short time china became a major exporting country, and an export competitor with the East Asian NICs (Newly Industrializing Countries) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries in the Asia Pacific region. The opening policies in china have contributed to the countrys economic growth and development considering all domestic economic events. The Indias economic reforms undertaken in 1991 in light of Chinas experience with the export-oriented, foreign direct investment strategy for economic growth and development which has been examined with superiority of export-oriented, outward-looking development strategies. Thus China can provide important lessons and policy implications in economic development for all Third World developing countries like India. The success story of china open to worlds economy made it ideal for studying the relationship between trade and development as well as for testing the validity of export-promoting development strategy. 3.3. Historical Background and National Goals 3.3.1. History of FDI in India The generational explanation of history is given as follows after Indias independence: during 1947 to 48 there was the British owned the private foreign capital through the national policies resolution which is Swadeshi movement Industrial policy. In the next generation i.e. from 1949 to 1953 foreign investments where far away from trio of domestic business house with foreign capital as well as with the government nationalist sentiments. The second Economic plan was launched in 1957 as industrialization through import substitution and encouraging private investment. Some of the selected industries got foreign collaboration and JV mostly manufacturing companies which are retained participation in India FDI since 1960s, the devaluation of rupee encouraged the socialist idealism banks and foreign oil majors nationalized after late 1960s. After almost 8 years in 1968 the foreign investment board had encouraging investments on there own terms and conduction. In the year 1973as per the F oreign Exchange Act (FERA) which launched a new article that all firms should come together for their foreign equity, holding 40% of foreign equity to be considered as Indian companies due to which IBM as well as coca cola is exited. After seven years of strict vigilance on FDI, from the year 1980 licensing procedures were liberalized to softened, technology transfer and royalty payments relaxed, foreign investment was encouraged wherever possible. During 1900-s rupee value got down, withdrawal of NRI money, India turned to IMF; there was liberalization on trade regime and regulatory frame work. Many of the industries were invited by FDI and in some cases limit was increased from 51% to 100%. The service sector was again opened for FDI. The political instability after 1995 had started but a perception towards FDI had changed due to changes in government kept focus on FDI. 3.3.2. History of FDI in China China has joined the joint venture with other countries in the year1979, and by the year 1986 china became fully foreign owned enterprise. It was divided into four zones namely Shantou, Shenzhen, and Xiamen in the year 1980. After four years in 1984 it was found that chinas economic zone has fourteen cities and whole china combined by late 1900s. There was a rapid economic growth in reform period due to profusion of labour and its low costs, Rapid expansion of Chinas domestic market at the same time plays important role of overseas Chinese for increasing integration with world economy. The marketing effects are generally obtained by imports and exports in both bilateral countries. FDI is very essential for developing countries for Off setting the capital deficiency, Acquiring advanced technology, Gaining production know-how, Promoting exports as well as to Table 2: shows FDI in India-China products Trade (in million US Dollars). (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The two highest population countries of the world are India and China which together contain approximately 40 per cent of the worlds humidity on an adjacent landmass in Asia. Both countries are pride in birthplace of civilization entering the era of sharing worlds greatest development problem. The underdeveloped areas of these two countries is due to huge population relative to land and other resources, around 1950s there was no commitment to national planning for economic modernization as there was new governments of China and India, led by Mao Zedong and Jawaharlal Nehru so as to eliminate poverty and raise the standard of living (Park, J. H. 2002). Approaches to Development: Some of the important characteristics shared within India and China as the wealth of people relative to other rare resources such as arable land, natural resources, and capital suggesting the appropriate strategies for development would have involved production of labor-intensive goods. Among these some are exchanged for imports of capital goods and technology as per the necessity for development. For economic development and modernization India

Literature - A Mirror Of Society :: essays research papers

The literature of a country is affected and influenced by how the people of that country live. This paper will prove that The French Revolution greatly influenced 19th Century French Romanticism. First, the cultural values of the revolution will be identified. Then, the different aspects of Romanticism will be presented. The cultural values of The French Revolution and Romanticism will then be linked. Finally, literary examples will be shown to support this connection between the two movements. Before the Revolution, the citizens of France lived in a strict, confined society with no freedom to express their feelings. Government had imposed strong, unfair laws on the common people (Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia â€Å"French Revolution†). They wanted a voice in a stable government with a strong economy (Johnson 105) and a strong sense of individuality and independence within the people. (Moss and Wilson 180) Eighteenth- century literature was much like the society in which it was produced, restrained. Society was divided into privileged and unprivileged classes, (Leinward 452) with Eighteenth- century writers focusing on the lives of the upper class. (Thompson 857) These writers followed â€Å"formal rules†(Thorlby 282), and based their works on scientific observations and logic (Thompson 895). The Revolution gave the common people and writers more freedom to express feelings and stimulated them to use reason. According to Thompson, The Revolution â€Å"had a major impact on Nineteenth- Century European Life.† (895) It sent a strong wave of emotion and revival throughout France (Peyre 59). This lead to new laws and standards for the citizens, including newer, less imposing literary standards. Romanticism marked a profound change in both literature and thought. Romanticism, according to Webster’s Dictionary, is defined as â€Å"a literary movement (as in early 19th century Europe) marked especially by an emphasis on the imagination and emotions and by the use of autobiographical material.† Although this may be true, there is no single commonly accepted definition of Romanticism, but it has some features upon which there is general agreement. First, it emphasized upon human reason, feeling, emotion, and expression (Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia, â€Å"Romanticism†) while emphasizing the love of nature, beauty, and liberty. (Leinward 528-529) Thompson defines Romanticism as â€Å" a major literary and cultural movement† that was inspired by the imaginations, inner feelings, and emotions of the Romantics. (895) If one term can be used to describe the forces that have shaped the modern world, it is Romanticism. (Peyre, 2) Romanticism has had such a profound effect on the world since the late 18th century that one author has called it â€Å"the profoundest cultural transformation in human history since the invention of the city.† (Compton’s Encyclopedia, â€Å"Romanticism†) Harvey and Heseltine state that â€Å"The outstanding characteristic of 18th-century French literature had been attached to

Descartes Essay -- essays research papers

Descartes is famed by is familiar notion, “I think therefore I am (Cogito, ergo sum.).'; It is a conclusion he has reached in his second meditation after much deliberation on the existence of anything certain. After he discovers his ability to doubt and to understand , he is able to substantiate his necessary existence as a consequence. What we doubt or understand may not ultimately correspond, but we can never be uncertain that we are in the process of thought. This idea is a major component in Descartes’ proof of the external world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He relies on the existence of a non-deceiving God to ensure that an external world exists after calling it into doubt by the invocation of the dream argument. In this argument, Descartes suggests the possibility that none of our ideas are caused by external objects and therefore, such objects may not exist. He also raises the idea of a demon that may deceive us and allow us to perceive what is not really there. Although he assures himself of his own existence by his modes of thought, he remains uncertain of the reality of an external world. He doubts whether there is anything of material substance that provokes thought within him rather than it being conceived in his mind completely independent of anything else. Descartes then considers those reasons that have inclined him to believe these material things exist in the past. “I know by experience that these ideas do not depend upon m...

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois Common Goal of Equality for Afr

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois' Common Goal of Equality for African Americans The United States societal system during the 19th century was saturated with a legacy of discrimination based upon race. Cultivating a humanitarian approach, progressive intellectuals ushered in an era of societal reconstruction with the intention to establish primary equalities on the pervasive argument of human race. The experiment poised the United States for rebellion and lasting ramifications. The instantaneous repercussions for both races evolving from the emancipation of African-Americans were plainly stated by the daughter of a Georgia planter in the summer of 1865: "There are sad changes in store for both races" (Nash 469). The long-term ramifications are still in progress. The combination and division of commerce and virtue, north and south, white and black, violence and empathy, and personal and political agendas, created the birth and death of the era of Reconstruction that began during the Civil War and ended in 1877. However, the period of Reconstruction provided the en try for two African-American men, Booker T Washington and W.E.B. DuBois, to rise to leadership positions while propelling radically opposing ideologies. The two differing ideologies served as anchors in a society adrift. Both races, being tossed about by the storm Reconstruction had unleashed upon society, were compelled to reach-out for the anchors that symbolized the prospect of stability. Washington and DuBois anchors were thrust in different bodies of water, but both men's proclamations existed in currents that surged toward a collective body of water. Washington and DuBois's positions on the collaboration amongst the races had extreme variations due to their... ...re dropped in different bodies of water, the two men's concepts continue today to flow and intertwine into one body of water. The historical era of Reconstruction had a beginning and end, but it did open the floodgate to prosperity for the United States by unleashing the enormous voice and wisdom of two extraordinary men; voices that forever changed our society's way of life. Works Cited * Washington, Booker T. "Up From Slavery." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Nina Baym, General Editor. 6th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003. 761. * W.E.B. DuBois. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Nina Baym, General Editor. 6th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003. 876-877 * W.E.B. DuBois. The American People Creating a Nation and a Society. Gary B. Nash And Julie Roy Jeffrey. 4th ed. Brief. New York: Longman, 2003. 469,481-82,517.